Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia
Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia
Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia
Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia
Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia
Various types of sea anemone Photos by Sergio Discepolo Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles. The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp. The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles. Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs. Notes from Wikipedia

Various types of sea anemone

Photos by Sergio Discepolo

Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria.

A sea anemone is a polyp attached at the bottom to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal disc, with a column shaped body ending in an oral disc. Most are from 1.8 to 3 centimetres (0.71 to 1.2 in) in diameter, but anemones as small as 4 millimetres (0.16 in) or as large as nearly 2 metres (6.6 ft) are known.They can have anywhere from a few tens to a few hundred tentacles.

The mouth, also the anus of the sea anemone, is in the middle of the oral disc surrounded by tentacles armed with many cnidocytes, which are cells that function as a defense and as a means to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain nematocyst, capsule-like organelles capable of everting, giving phylum Cnidaria its name. The cnidae that sting are called nematocysts. Each nematocyst contains a small vesicle filled with toxins (actinoporins), an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. When the hair is touched it mechanically triggers the cell explosion, a harpoon-like structure which attaches to organisms that trigger it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. This gives the anemone its characteristic sticky feeling. The sea anemone eats small fish and shrimp.

The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, which paralyzes the prey and allows it to be moved to the mouth for digestion inside the gastrovascular cavity. Actinoporins have been reported as highly toxic to fish and crustaceans, which are the natural prey of sea anemones. In addition to their role in predation, it has been suggested that actinoporins could act, when released in water, as repellents against potential predators]. Anemonefish (clownfish), small banded fish in various colors, are not affected by their host anemone’s sting and shelter themselves from predators within its tentacles.

Anemones tend to stay in the same spot until conditions become unsuitable (prolonged dryness, for example), or a predator attacks them. In that case anemones can release themselves from the substrate and use flexing motions to swim to a new location. Most sea anemones attach temporarily to submerged objects; a few thrust themselves into the sand or live in burrows; a few are parasitic on other marine organisms and some have symbiotic relationships with hermit crabs.

Notes from Wikipedia

Peacock mantis shrimp Odontactylus scyllarus Odontodactylus scyllarus, known as the peacock mantis shrimp, harlequin mantis shrimp or painted mantis shrimp, is a large mantis shrimp native to the Indo-Pacific from Guam to East Africa. O. scyllarus is one of the larger, more colourful mantis shrimps commonly seen, ranging in size from 3 to 18 centimetres (1.2 to 7.1 in) living in sand or rubble areas, where it can dig a U shaped burrow. Found in bay, lagoon, back reef. It preys on other crustaceans or molluscs. Very active and curious, often it interacts with the divers. The colour is unique. They are primarily green in colour, with orange legs and leopard-like spots on the anterior carapace. Olive-green body, sometimes brilliant green in males. Blue head, rounded eyes. Green antennal scale, red thoracic limbs. Large red claws marbled in white. Tail fan with striking blue ornamentations. Their ability to see circularly polarised light has led to studies to determine if the mechanisms by which their eyes operate can be replicated for use in reading CDs and similar optical information storage devices. Odontodactylus scyllarus is a burrower, constructing U-shaped holes in the loose substrate near the bases of coral reefs in water ranging from 3 to 40 metres (9.8 to 130 ft) deep. O. scyllarus is a smasher, with club-shaped raptorial appendages. An active hunter, it prefers gastropods, crustaceans, and bivalves, and will repeatedly smash its prey until it can gain access to the soft tissue for consumption. It is reported to have a “punch” of over 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). This is the fastest recorded punch of any living animal. The acceleration is similar to that in a .22 calibre handgun, with a force created of 200 pounds (91 kg) per strike. In addition, the surface of its appendages is made up of extremely dense hydroxyapatite, layered in a manner which is highly resistant to fracturing. Glass aquaria can be broken by them. The composition is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use.
Peacock mantis shrimp Odontactylus scyllarus Odontodactylus scyllarus, known as the peacock mantis shrimp, harlequin mantis shrimp or painted mantis shrimp, is a large mantis shrimp native to the Indo-Pacific from Guam to East Africa. O. scyllarus is one of the larger, more colourful mantis shrimps commonly seen, ranging in size from 3 to 18 centimetres (1.2 to 7.1 in) living in sand or rubble areas, where it can dig a U shaped burrow. Found in bay, lagoon, back reef. It preys on other crustaceans or molluscs. Very active and curious, often it interacts with the divers. The colour is unique. They are primarily green in colour, with orange legs and leopard-like spots on the anterior carapace. Olive-green body, sometimes brilliant green in males. Blue head, rounded eyes. Green antennal scale, red thoracic limbs. Large red claws marbled in white. Tail fan with striking blue ornamentations. Their ability to see circularly polarised light has led to studies to determine if the mechanisms by which their eyes operate can be replicated for use in reading CDs and similar optical information storage devices. Odontodactylus scyllarus is a burrower, constructing U-shaped holes in the loose substrate near the bases of coral reefs in water ranging from 3 to 40 metres (9.8 to 130 ft) deep. O. scyllarus is a smasher, with club-shaped raptorial appendages. An active hunter, it prefers gastropods, crustaceans, and bivalves, and will repeatedly smash its prey until it can gain access to the soft tissue for consumption. It is reported to have a “punch” of over 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). This is the fastest recorded punch of any living animal. The acceleration is similar to that in a .22 calibre handgun, with a force created of 200 pounds (91 kg) per strike. In addition, the surface of its appendages is made up of extremely dense hydroxyapatite, layered in a manner which is highly resistant to fracturing. Glass aquaria can be broken by them. The composition is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use.

Peacock mantis shrimp Odontactylus scyllarus

Odontodactylus scyllarus, known as the peacock mantis shrimp, harlequin mantis shrimp or painted mantis shrimp, is a large mantis shrimp native to the Indo-Pacific from Guam to East Africa.

O. scyllarus is one of the larger, more colourful mantis shrimps commonly seen, ranging in size from 3 to 18 centimetres (1.2 to 7.1 in) living in sand or rubble areas, where it can dig a U shaped burrow. Found in bay, lagoon, back reef. It preys on other crustaceans or molluscs. Very active and curious, often it interacts with the divers. The colour is unique.

They are primarily green in colour, with orange legs and leopard-like spots on the anterior carapace.

Olive-green body, sometimes brilliant green in males. Blue head, rounded eyes. Green antennal scale, red thoracic limbs. Large red claws marbled in white. Tail fan with striking blue ornamentations.

Their ability to see circularly polarised light has led to studies to determine if the mechanisms by which their eyes operate can be replicated for use in reading CDs and similar optical information storage devices.

Odontodactylus scyllarus is a burrower, constructing U-shaped holes in the loose substrate near the bases of coral reefs in water ranging from 3 to 40 metres (9.8 to 130 ft) deep.

O. scyllarus is a smasher, with club-shaped raptorial appendages.

An active hunter, it prefers gastropods, crustaceans, and bivalves, and will repeatedly smash its prey until it can gain access to the soft tissue for consumption. It is reported to have a “punch” of over 50 miles per hour (80 km/h). This is the fastest recorded punch of any living animal. The acceleration is similar to that in a .22 calibre handgun, with a force created of 200 pounds (91 kg) per strike. In addition, the surface of its appendages is made up of extremely dense hydroxyapatite, layered in a manner which is highly resistant to fracturing. Glass aquaria can be broken by them. The composition is being investigated for potential synthesis and engineering use.

Neopetrolisthes maculatus by Sergio Discepolo 2001 Porcelain crabs are decapod crustaceans in the widespread family Porcellanidae, which superficially resemble true crabs. They are typically less than 15 mm (0.6 in) wide, and have flattened bodies as an adaptation for living in rock crevices. They are delicate, readily losing limbs when attacked, and use their large claws for maintaining territories. Porcelain crabs are small, usually with body widths of less than 15 millimetres (0.6 in). They share the general body plan of a squat lobster, but their bodies are more compact and flattened an adaptation for living and hiding under rocks. Porcelain crabs are quite fragile animals, and will often shed their limbs to escape predators, hence their name. The lost appendage can grow back over several moults. Porcelain crabs have large chelae (claws), which are used for territorial struggles, but not for catching food. The fifth pair of pereiopods are reduced and are used for cleaning. Porcelain crabs are an example of carcinisation, whereby a non-c. Porcelain crabs can be distinguished from true crabs by the apparent number of walking legs (three instead of four pairs, the fourth pair is reduced and held against the carapace), and the long antennae originating on the front outside of the eyestalks. The abdomen of the porcelain crab is long and folded underneath it, free to move. Porcelain crabs live in all the world’s oceans, except the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. They are common under rocks, and can often be found and observed on rocky beaches and shorelines, startled creatures scurrying away when a stone is lifted. They feed by combing plankton and other organic particles from the water using long setae (feathery hair or bristle-like structures) on the mouthparts. Some of the common species of porcelain crabs in the Caribbean Sea are Petrolisthes quadratus, found in large numbers under rocks in the intertidal, and the red-and-white polka-dotted Porcellana sayana, which lives commensally within the shells inhabited by large hermit crabs. In Hong Kong,Petrolisthes japonicus is common.
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Neopetrolisthes maculatus

by Sergio Discepolo 2001

Porcelain crabs are decapod crustaceans in the widespread family Porcellanidae, which superficially resemble true crabs. They are typically less than 15 mm (0.6 in) wide, and have flattened bodies as an adaptation for living in rock crevices. They are delicate, readily losing limbs when attacked, and use their large claws for maintaining territories.

Porcelain crabs are small, usually with body widths of less than 15 millimetres (0.6 in). They share the general body plan of a squat lobster, but their bodies are more compact and flattened an adaptation for living and hiding under rocks. Porcelain crabs are quite fragile animals, and will often shed their limbs to escape predators, hence their name. The lost appendage can grow back over several moults. Porcelain crabs have large chelae (claws), which are used for territorial struggles, but not for catching food. The fifth pair of pereiopods are reduced and are used for cleaning.

Porcelain crabs are an example of carcinisation, whereby a non-c. Porcelain crabs can be distinguished from true crabs by the apparent number of walking legs (three instead of four pairs, the fourth pair is reduced and held against the carapace), and the long antennae originating on the front outside of the eyestalks. The abdomen of the porcelain crab is long and folded underneath it, free to move.

Porcelain crabs live in all the world’s oceans, except the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. They are common under rocks, and can often be found and observed on rocky beaches and shorelines, startled creatures scurrying away when a stone is lifted. They feed by combing plankton and other organic particles from the water using long setae (feathery hair or bristle-like structures) on the mouthparts.

Some of the common species of porcelain crabs in the Caribbean Sea are Petrolisthes quadratus, found in large numbers under rocks in the intertidal, and the red-and-white polka-dotted Porcellana sayana, which lives commensally within the shells inhabited by large hermit crabs. In Hong Kong,Petrolisthes japonicus is common.

Nudibranch Nembrotha chamberlaini - Puerto Galera Philippines By Sergio Discepolo 2010 Nembrotha chamberlaini is a species of colorful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae. It was first described in 1997.[2] This species is known only from the Philippines and Indonesia. [2] Nembrotha chamberlaini is white with streaks of black and occasionally yellow splashed across the upper mantle. It has very distinctive bright red gillsand rhinophores. The foot and mouth parts are typically light-purple. This nudibranch has a very characteristic color pattern which is typical of species that display warning coloration to other species. Nembrotha chamberlaini is easily confused with Nembrotha aurea and Nembrotha purpureolineata. All three species have a similar range of color variation although N. aurea often has orange patches not present in Nembrotha chamberlaini. N. chamberlaini can reach a length of 100 mm. This species feeds on ascidians and tunicates. It has been seen feeding on the bright-blue ascidian, Rhopalaea sp, as well as other ascidians Clavelina sp., & Oxycorynia sp. .[2] Notes from Wikipedia
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Nudibranch Nembrotha chamberlaini - Puerto Galera Philippines

By Sergio Discepolo 2010

Nembrotha chamberlaini is a species of colorful sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae. It was first described in 1997.[2]

This species is known only from the Philippines and Indonesia. [2]

Nembrotha chamberlaini is white with streaks of black and occasionally yellow splashed across the upper mantle. It has very distinctive bright red gillsand rhinophores. The foot and mouth parts are typically light-purple. This nudibranch has a very characteristic color pattern which is typical of species that display warning coloration to other species.

Nembrotha chamberlaini is easily confused with Nembrotha aurea and Nembrotha purpureolineata. All three species have a similar range of color variation although N. aurea often has orange patches not present in Nembrotha chamberlaini.

N. chamberlaini can reach a length of 100 mm.

This species feeds on ascidians and tunicates. It has been seen feeding on the bright-blue ascidian, Rhopalaea sp, as well as other ascidians Clavelina sp., & Oxycorynia sp. .[2]

Notes from Wikipedia

Pygmy seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti) Mindoro Island, Philippines by Sergio Discepolo 2010 The pygmy seahorse, also known as Bargibanti’s seahorse, (Hippocampus bargibanti) is a seahorse of the family Syngnathidae found in the western central Pacific Ocean. It is tiny, usually less than 2 centimetres (0.79 in) in size and lives exclusively on fan corals. For more details see below.
Zoom Info
Camera
Nikon E7900
ISO
50 		Aperture
f/4,8
Exposure
1/60th 		Focal Length
7mm

Pygmy seahorse (Hippocampus bargibanti) Mindoro Island, Philippines

by Sergio Discepolo 2010

The pygmy seahorse, also known as Bargibanti’s seahorse, (Hippocampus bargibanti) is a seahorse of the family Syngnathidae found in the western central Pacific Ocean. It is tiny, usually less than 2 centimetres (0.79 in) in size and lives exclusively on fan corals. For more details see below.

Il Controllo dell’Assetto (II° Parte)

Il posizionamento dei pesi

Attualmente sono disponibili diversi sistemi per indossare la zavorra: oltre alle classiche cinture, con o senza tasche, ci sono GAV appositamente predisposti per contenere i piombi.

In ogni caso, quando si assembla la propria zavorra, vanno eseguite due operazioni fondamentali: il giusto posizionamento dei pesi (che è fondamentale per avere un buon equilibrio) ed il loro fissaggio, onde evitarne lo scorrimento e quindi lo spostamento durante l’immersione.

Se il numero di Kg. necessari è dispari, vi sono due sistemi per posizionarli in modo corretto: il primo è quello di impiegare pesi da ½ Kg. così da suddividerli equamente ai lati (per esempio, chi necessiti di 5 Kg., può indossare un piombo da 2.5 kg. su ogni fianco), l’altro, un po’ più scomodo, è quello di posizionare il chilo dispari al centro della schiena dove però potrà dar fastidio a causa della presenza contemporanea della bombola.

Quando, a causa di una grossa massa corporea o dell’impiego di una muta stagna, è d’obbligo indossare molta zavorra, un po’ di essa potrà essere alloggiata sul GAV, nelle apposite tasche, oppure suddivisa sulla fascia di fissaggio alla bombola; quest’ultimo sistema risulta peraltro particolarmente utile quando si hanno a disposizione bombole di alluminio, come in Mar Rosso o ai tropici. Queste bombole, infatti, soprattutto quando quasi scariche, a causa del minor peso specifico dell’alluminio rispetto all’acciaio, tendono a risalire lungo la schiena ed a rendere non solo più difficoltoso il mantenimento dell’assetto, ma dando anche fastidio sulla nuca.  

La presenza di un paio di kg. fissati sul GAV controbilancerà opportunamente questa fastidiosa tendenza.

In ogni caso bisognerà limitare la quantità di zavorra fissata al GAV per permettere, in caso di necessità, lo sgancio rapido della maggior parte dei piombi e l’ottenimento di un assetto positivo.

La disposizione dei piombi può inoltre essere variata in funzione dell’attività che si intende svolgere in immersione: per un’immersione in parete, infatti, può essere preferibile una posizione più eretta; viceversa per un’immersione sul fondo o per la la fotografia subacquea può risultare più comodo mantenere la testa leggermente rivolta verso il basso.

Queste posizioni sono facilmente ottenibili facendo scorrere opportunamente i piombi lungo la cintura; per ottenere i risultati migliori è sufficiente eseguire alcune prove, in quanto la loro posizione varia a seconda della propria specifica conformazione corporea.

Un’ultima considerazione sulla zavorra va fatta qualora, durante l’immersione, si nota che i piedi tendono a sollevarsi nonostante l’impiego di pinne non galleggianti; in questi casi, bisognerà considerare l’opportunità di indossare apposite cavigliere zavorrate, particolarmente utili soprattutto in determinate condizioni: quando si indossa una muta stagna, quando si effettuano immersioni a bassa profondità, come spesso accade a scopo fotografico o allorché si debbano eseguire determinati esercizi durante i corsi subacquei.

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